
Figure 1: Surgical robot uses piezoelectric motors to operate in the high magnetic field of an MRI machine. (Courtesy of Worcester Polytechnic Institute)
Surgeons treating brain cancer face a conundrum: They can capture ultra-high-resolution images of the tumor using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or they can use ultra-precise surgical tools to remove the tumor, but they can’t do both at the same time. At least they couldn’t previously. Worcester Polytechnic Institute professor Greg Fischer is in the process of developing a surgical robot designed for use inside an MRI machine, Figure 1.
Guided by real-time feedback, the robot can position a high-energy, interstitial focused ultrasound probe exactly at the tumor, delivering optimal surgical results and an ideal outcome for the patient. Of course, building a robot that can operate within the high magnetic fields generated by an MRI unit was not easy. But with sophisticated controls engineering and piezoelectric positioners from MICROMO, the WPI team has built a system that promises to revolutionize the treatment possibilities using an MRI machine.
The process of designing surgical devices is rife with challenges. Systems need to be accurate and repeatable, with ultra-high resolution. They have to be electrically quiet. Above all, they must be reliable. In the case of the MRI robot, Fischer’s team faced another enormous challenge—delivering all of these characteristics in a system that can also function in multi-tesla magnetic fields.
Motion in a magnetic environment
The powerful magnetic field generated by an MRI machine makes hazards of even small ferromagnetic objects like screws—let alone motion devices, such as permanent magnet motors, gearboxes and actuators. It was obvious from the outset that the MRI robot had to be based on non-traditional actuation. The answer proved to be a piezoelectric device.
Piezoelectric actuators are based on a piezoelectric ceramic that expands under an applied voltage. The problem is that the displacement introduced by the piezo effect is only a fraction of a percent of component size, while the MRI robot required up to about 100 mm of linear travel or a continuous 360° rotation. The WPI team found the solution in the Piezo LEGS motors from Micromo.

Figure 2: Piezo LEGS motor (bottom) consists of bimorphic piezo ceramic legs (top) that respond unequally to an applied voltage.
The units consist of a set of bimorphic drive legs that are constructed so that under an applied voltage, they flex slightly and extend, Figure 2.
In practice, they are driven in alternating pairs, Figure 3, so that they “walk” a drive rod forward in nanometer steps at speeds as high as 15 mm/s (or spin a disc in the case of rotary motion). Because one set of legs is the always in contact with the actuator at any time, they are inherently safe actuators (providing braking when unpowered) with the motors and provide a stall force of up to 80 N.
The WPI robot consists of one module with X, Y, Z translation and two rotational modules that correspond to the arc angles of a head frame. Future designs will include additional degrees of freedom to permit the insertion and rotation of cannula and stylet. To generate linear motion, the WPI team uses a combination of linear Piezo LEGS motors in a direct drive for needle insertion and rotary Piezo LEGS motors to drive aluminum lead screws. For rotary motion, they use 3D-printed custom pulleys and rubber- or fiberglass-reinforced timing belts.

Figure 3: A voltage applied to the biomorphic legs causes them to bend and extend or retract, allowing them to move a drive rod forward.
Although the masses involved are small, the materials generate greater friction than conventional designs, which means that they require higher torque to produce motion, and that the piezomotors deliver.
“In a lot of applications, you can get away with a piezo motor and a direct drive or a pulley reduction of several-to-one,” Fischer said. “You don’t need 100:1 gear ratio reductions like you might need with a small DC motor.”
Piezo LEGS turned out to be the right solution for the WPI project.
“There are piezoelectric actuators that will give you at best maybe 1 mm of motion,” said Fischer. “Beyond that, you’re really down to only a few companies. Of those, they sell rotary motors or they sell modules that you push up against the drive rod, but you need to actually design a whole custom device around it. In terms of a compact, self-contained device, I haven’t seen any competition, really, for the Micromo devices.”
Control challenges
The piezoelectric actuator requires only very small conductive electrodes that are both nonmagnetic and not ferrous. This makes it safe to use in the MRI environment. In this application, however, safe was not enough. Any electrical noise generated by power supply or drive electronics has the potential to distort the image, which would defeat the purpose.
“A lot of times you’ll get static-like artifacts,” said Fischer. “Electronic noise coupled with non MRI-compatible materials can effectively warp the image and then things won’t show up where you expect them to, which is a major, major problem if you’re trying to guide an intervention based on the imagery.”
Clearly, the application required specialized electronics. At the same time, the nature of the piezoelectric motor meant that it required a sophisticated drive waveform. In response, Fischer’s team developed a custom controls package for operating piezoelectric motors in the MRI scanner. They programmed an FPGA to adjust the relative frequency and phase of the drive signal waveforms. High-speed digital-to-analog converters deliver precise temporal control of the waveform, and high-bandwidth, high-voltage linear amplifiers allow the controller to synthesize the exact drive signal needed to produce the motion. External filters remove noise, and encoder feedback enables closed-loop position or velocity control from a microcontroller running a real-time control loop on a single board. A modular backplane combines up to eight of these boards into a single shielded enclosure that resides inside the MRI scanner room with the robot. A custom cabling harness connects the controller with the robot for up to eight axes of control.
It was not a controls challenge for the faint of heart, but the project was simplified by the availability of a stand-alone piezo motor.
“Having a reliable, ready to go closed actuator, linear or rotary, has been a big advantage,” said Fischer. “It has really let the students focus on the mechanical mechanism design and the controller design.”
The project goes beyond just the surgical robot, though. Fischer’s goal is to develop a toolbox for developing MRI-compatible robots that would incorporate sensors, actuators, controllers and amplifiers enhanced with communication protocols.
“In this industry, you can buy a PLC or motor or an encoder, plug them all together, and you immediately have a working device,” he said. “There’s nothing really like that for medical devices and there’s definitely nothing close for MRI.”
To demonstrate the approach, the team is working on variations of the MRI robot for several applications, including: High-precision thermal ablation of deep brain cancer, deep brain stimulation electrode placement for Parkinson’s disease, and targeted MRI-guided prostate cancer biopsy and localized therapy delivery.
“We’re shooting for very compact, very application specific, and they’re all based on these motors,” he said. “I have just about every piezo motor on the market in my lab. We have even tried to make our own. For us, the Micromo actuators were a very good size with good force ranges and very good torque ranges. Overall, they have been very effective.”
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